The cell cycle consists of several phases: G1 (first gap), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (second gap), and M (mitosis). In addition, non-cycling cells are said to be in the G0 phase. Based on DNA content alone, three populations (G0/G1, S, and G2/M) can be discerned by a process of mathematical modeling called deconvolution. DNA content is proportional to fluorescence intensity of fluorochromes that bind stoichiometrically to DNA, such as propidium iodide (PI).
Prior to treatment (0 hour) the sample shows a fairly normal cell cycle distribution: most cells are in the G0/G1 phase (leftmost red peak), and a small amount in S phase (blue hatch) and G2/M phase (rightmost red peak). At 8 hours after treatment the G2/M phase markedly increases. Deconvolution provided by ModFit LT* software.
*ModFit LT is a trademark of Verity Software House, Inc.
Li Y, Singh B, Ali N, Sarkar FH. Induction of growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by auristatin-PE and gemcitabine. Int J Mol Med. 3(6):647-53, 1999.
Davis JN, Singh B, Bhuiyan M, Sarkar FH. Genistein-induced upregulation of p21WAF1, downregulation of cyclin B, and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. 32(3):123-31, 1998.
Lian F, Bhuiyan M, Li YW, Wall N, Kraut M, Sarkar FH. Genistein-induced G2-M arrest, p21WAF1 upregulation, and apoptosis in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer. 31(3):184-91, 1998.
Hussain MH, Powell I, Zaki N, Maciorowski Z, Sakr W, KuKuruga M, Visscher D, Haas GP, Pontes JE, Ensley JF. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of fresh prostatic resections. Correlation with conventional prognostic parameters in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer. 72(10):3012-9, 1993.
Zalupski MM, Ryan JR, Ensley JF, Maciorowski Z, Pietraszkiewicz H, Hussein ME, Kukuruga M, Sundareson AS, Baker LH. Development and optimization of tissue preparative methodology for DNA content analysis of soft tissue neoplasms. Cytometry. 14(8):922-30, 1993.
Zalupski MM, Maciorowski Z, Ryan JR, Ensley JF, Hussein ME, Sundareson AS, Baker LH. DNA content parameters of paraffin-embedded soft tissue sarcomas: optimization of retrieval technique and comparison to fresh tissue. Cytometry. 14(3):327-33, 1993.
Ensley JF, Maciorowski Z, Hassan M, Pietraszkiewicz H, Sakr
W, Heilbrun LK. Variations in DNA aneuploid cell content during
tumor dissociation in human colon and head and neck cancers analyzed
by flow cytometry. Cytometry. 14(5):550-8, 1993.